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Text 1
A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town,it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some 1might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of Furopean capital of culture,a sough after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-al1.A badly run“year of culture"washes in and out ofa place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A“town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture" award could_____
[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.
[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.
[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.
2.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as______
[A]a sensible compromise.
[B]a self-deceiving attempt.
[C]an eye catching bonus
[D]an inaccessible target.
3.The author suggests that a title holder is successful onlyif it_____
[A]endeavours to maintain its image.
[B]meets the aspirations of its people.
[C]brings its local arts to prominence.
[D]commits to its long-term growth.
4.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present_____
[A]a contrasting case.
(B]a supporting example.
[C]a background story.
[D]a related topic.
5.What is the author 's attitude towards the proposal?
[A]Skeptical.
[B]Objective.
[C]Favourable.
[D]Critical.
Text1答案解析
1.C 這道題是細節題。題干問庫珀和她的同事們認為“文化之城”這一獎項可能會怎樣可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫爾之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來了2.2億歐元的投資和大量藝術作品。英國的城鎮，確實沒有被阻止申請，但他們通常缺乏資源來湊齊一點來擊敗他們更大的競爭對手。有人認為，“文化之城”獎可以成為一項年度活動，吸引資金并創造就業機會。所以能看出答案是C. 增強英國城鎮的經濟實力。
2.B a self-deceiving attempt
該題是推斷題, 題干問:根據第二段，這一提議或許會被一些人認為是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能會把這個提議看作是一個噓聲，因為英國已經不能再申請更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號了……” 能看出來有些人是持反面態度的。很多人不認識boo，但是也能從后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在絕望地為英國退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國即將消失在一場無休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中. 接下來幾個反問句，能看出來是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選擇B。
3.D commits to its long-term growth
該題也是細節題, 題干問:作者認為這個頭銜的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，這些頭銜真正成功的持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來收入、帶來引人注目的藝術活動和一年的良好報道之外，還做了很多事情的人。它們轉變了當地居民的愿望;他們將城市的自我形象推向更大膽、更樂觀的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于鄉村的長期發展中，這個頭銜就會是成功的。
4.A. a contrasting case
這題是寫作目的題， 題干說：第3段提到格拉斯哥是為了展現什么。可以定位到第三段倒數第一句。可以看到前面有明顯的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反。“這個問題很難解決，需要高度的遠見卓識，也需要城市當局、私營部門、社區團體和文化組織之間的合作。但這是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術、音樂和戲劇的力量，直到今天。”
5.D favourable
這題是作者態度題，問作者對于這個建議的態度。第一段是提出該建議。第二段是一些人認為這個建議有點吹噓。而只有最后一段能看出作者對此建議的態度，“一個“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術之城，而且要尊重一個城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業街，支持當地的設施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉化為行動。”所以能看出是積極贊成的態度。
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than f210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all Brtish scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to S5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.
6.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because______
[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.
7.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have_____
[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B]gone through an existential crisis.
[C]revived the publishing industry.
[D]financed researchers generously.
8.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?______
[A]Relieved.
[B]Puzzled.
[C]Concermed.
[D]Encouraged.
9.It can be learmned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms_____
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C]reduce the cost of publication subtantially
[D]free universities from financial burdens.
10.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?______
[A]Trial subscription is offered.
[B]Labour triumphs over status.
[C]Costs are well controlled.
[D]The few feed on the many.
Text 2 答案解析
6.細節題 D its content acquisition cost nothing
根據題干中關鍵詞a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科學家也免費進行同行評議的專門工作，因為它是獲得地位和生產科學知識的核心要素。正確選項D，acquisition原詞， for free替換選項中的，cost nothing.
7.細節題 A thrived mainly on universities libraries
根據題干關鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段第一句話，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,該公司去年利潤超過4.9億英鎊 然而僅英國大學在2016年就花費了超過2.1億英鎊。正確選項A 主要依靠大學圖書館 為定位句的同意表達
8.態度題 B concerned
根據題干中關鍵詞Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants這表明法律生態系統在其用戶中已經失去了合法性，必須進行改造，以便為所有參與者服務. 可見作者對于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定態度，正確選項B concerned擔憂，擔心。A relieved寬慰的，C puzzled困惑的屬錯誤選項， D encouraged鼓勵的，正反混淆
9.推斷題 A allow publishers some room to make money
根據題干關鍵詞open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取費用是未來出版商能夠獲利，A選項為同義替換。B render publishing much easier for scientists使發表對科學家來說容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大學擺脫財政負擔
10.細節題 D the few feed on the many
根據題干關鍵詞scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.勞動力被免費提供，以換取地位的希望，而一些經營市場的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤。 可知少部分作者免費勞動，大部分公司盈利，A選項為同義替換
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure “gender parity"on boards and commissions, provide a case in commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the irst state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Govermor Jery Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,ever where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.
But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women.in the general population,but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without govenment interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt"phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.
11.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will_____
[A] help lttle to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women's position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
12.Which of the following is true of the Califomnia measure?____
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
[C]It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will setle the prior controversies.
13.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate_____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
14.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to_____
[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B] the objection to female participation on bards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?_____
IAI Women's need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
Text 3答案解析
11.態度題 A help little to reduce gender bias
縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，下次有人把企業配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助，由此可見作者對此法案采取否定態度，A help little to reduce gender bias對減少性別偏見沒什么幫助為同義替換的正確選項
12.細節題 C it may go against the constitution
根據題干中的關鍵詞 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 違反憲法，選項C against替換violate為正確選項
13.例證題 D the needlessness of government interventions
根據題干中catalyst替換到第7段，論點為上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在沒有政府的情況下，公司董事會中的婦女人數一直在穩步增加。可見D選項中the needlessness of government interventions政府干預的不必要性
14.細節題 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
根據Norway定位到倒數第三段第一句，要求將性別作為董事會成員的主要資格，必然會導致私營部門董事會減少。緊接著下文董事會成員的機會越來越多，卻沒有合格的女性來擔任董事會成員， 由此可見會有不合格的人進入董事會，正確選項C 不合格候選人進入董事會
15.推斷 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助。由此可知該政策并不可取，正確選項B可行性應是決策的首要考慮因素。
2020年西安新東方考研閱讀題及答案。英語其實就是一項技能。只要方法對了，只要你有持之以恒的決心，學好英語還是很容易的一件事。繼續加油吧！
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